Showing posts with label Linux Operating System. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Linux Operating System. Show all posts
Wednesday, September 16, 2015
Unix and Linux shortcut keys
Introduction
Shortcuts are designed to help shorten the time required to perform frequently used commands or actions. In the below sections, we have listed keyboard shortcut keys that can be performed by pressing two or more keys at once. In addition to keyboard shortcut keys, we have also listed command line shortcut keys that can be typed in at the shell.
Tip: Not all of the following shortcut keys and command line shortcuts are universally compatible with every variant of Unix and Linux.
Keyboard shortcut keys
Command line shortcuts
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Shortcuts are designed to help shorten the time required to perform frequently used commands or actions. In the below sections, we have listed keyboard shortcut keys that can be performed by pressing two or more keys at once. In addition to keyboard shortcut keys, we have also listed command line shortcut keys that can be typed in at the shell.
Tip: Not all of the following shortcut keys and command line shortcuts are universally compatible with every variant of Unix and Linux.
CTRL+B | Moves the cursor backward one character. |
CTRL+C | Cancels the currently running command. |
CTRL+D | Logs out of the current session. |
CTRL+F | Moves the cursor forward one character. |
CTRL+H | Erase one character. Similar to pressing backspace. |
CTRL+P | Paste previous line(s). |
CTRL+S | Stops all output on screen (XOFF). |
CTRL+Q | Turns all output stopped on screen back on (XON). |
CTRL+U | Erases the complete line. |
CTRL+W | Deletes the last word typed. For example, if you typed 'mv file1 file2' this shortcut would delete file2. |
CTRL+Z | Cancels current operation, moves back a directory or takes the current operation and moves it to the background. See bg command for additional information about background. |
Command line shortcuts
In addition to the below command line shortcuts, it is also helpful to use the alias command that allows you to specify a keyword for frequently used commands or mistakes.
~ | Moves to the user's home directory. |
!! | Repeats the line last entered at the shell. See history command for previous commands. |
!$ | Repeats the last argument for the command last used. See history command for previous commands. |
reset | Resets the terminal if terminal screen is not displaying correctly. |
shutdown -h now | Remotely or locally shuts the system down. |
Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04, 15.04 - Forgot Login Password? Change/Create New One.
Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04, 15.04 - Forgot Login Password? Change/Create New One.
Enter recovery at grub menu...
Enter recovery at grub menu...
Then choose root shell prompt..
Then enter
How To Install Linux - Ubuntu
How To Install Linux - Ubuntu step by step
download ubuntu for this link..........................
http://www.ubuntu.com
download ubuntu for this link..........................
http://www.ubuntu.com
Puppy Linux Single Link Download
Puppy Linux enables you to save money while doing more work, even allowing you to do magic by recovering data from destroyed PCs or by removing malware from Windows. See these example articles: recovering files from Windows and safe Internet banking with Puppy Linux.
With Puppy Linux, you can carry your programs and data anywhere.
Easy - Just use a CD or USB flash to boot a PC. Puppy Linux is downloadable as ISO, an image that can be burned to CD or DVD.
Fast - Because Puppy is small, it can live in your PC's memory and be ready to quickly execute your commands, whereas in other systems, programs are first read from drive storage before being executed.
Save Money - Even if your PC has no hard disk (ex, broken hard disk), you can still boot Puppy via CD or USB and continue working. Old PCs that no longer work with new systems will still work good-as-new with Puppy.
Do More - Puppy boots in less than a minute, even in old PCs, and it does not require antivirus software. Administering Puppy is quick and minimal. With Puppy, you just have to take care of your data, which you can easily save to USB flash (Then forget about your operating system!). Your data can be read by other computers.
Do Magic -Help your friends suffering from computer malware by booting Puppy and removing malware from their PC (use antivirus that is built-in or can be installed in Puppy). Example - bad Autorun.inf is easily removed by Puppy (Just delete it as well as its companion exe program). If your friend thinks that she has lost data from her corrupted hard disk, boot Puppy and try saving her data!
Carry Anywhere (Portable) - Because Puppy is able to live in CD/DVD or USB flash, as well as save data to these same devices, you can carry your programs and data with you.
Tuesday, September 15, 2015
Fedora 20 i686 Live AntiVirus V1 iso Single Link Download
Fedora Linux version 20 (code name "Heisenbug") has been released and available for download. Fedora Linux is a community-based Linux distribution which is sponsored by Red Hat, Inc. The code name "Heisenbug" is a term for a software bug that seems to disappear or alter its behaviour when one attempts to study it. Fedora is considered as the popular cutting edge distro, behind Ubuntu and Mint Linux for desktop and laptop usage.
What's New In Fedora 20
The new features in Fedora Linux version 20 are:
- GNOME desktop version 3.10.
- KDE plasma workspaces version 4.11
- NetworkManager now supports expanded bonding and bridging functionality, and incorporates better with existing bonding or bridging tools and configurations.
- nmcli is a command line front end to NetworkManager. It allows to add and edit network connections from the Terminal.
- 3D printing software such as slic3r is included. It is a tool for converting 3D models into printing instructions for a 3D printer. Fedora also includes the latest version of Cura is a huge update compared to previous versions.
- Perl in Fedora 20 has been updated to version 5.18, with a number of notable changes.
- Fedora 20 ships version 2.18 of the GNU C Library.
- Fedora 20 includes the WildFly 8 Application Server, formerly known as the JBoss Application Server, a very popular Java EE platform.
- Fedora 20 includes version 4.0 of the popular Ruby on Rails web framework.
- MongoDB has been updated to version 2.4 adding full text search, support for a wider array of geospatial indexes, and security enhancements.
- Fedora 20 offers the core of the thriving Hadoop platform and many related packages.
- syslog is no longer included in default installations. journald logging serves most use cases as well as, or better than, syslogd. However, you can install syslogd with yum command.
- The Fedora installer now supports creating thinly provisioned LVM volumes in both the graphical interface and automated kickstart installations.
- Linux kernel v3.12.xx
Fedora 20 i686 Live AntiVirus V1 iso Single Link Download
CentOS 6.2 i386.iso Single Link Download
CentOS Linux is a community-supported distribution derived from sources freely provided to the public by Red Hat for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). As such, CentOS Linux aims to be functionally compatible with RHEL. The CentOS Project mainly changes packages to remove upstream vendor branding and artwork. CentOS Linux is no-cost and free to redistribute. Each CentOS version is maintained for up to 10 years (by means of security updates -- the duration of the support interval by Red Hat has varied over time with respect to Sources released). A new CentOS version is released approximately every 2 years and each CentOS version is periodically updated (roughly every 6 months) to support newer hardware. This results in a secure, low-maintenance, reliable, predictable and reproducible Linux environment.
CentOS 6.2 i386.iso Single Link Download
Kali Linux Full Version Operating System Download for One click
Kali Linux Full Version Operating System Download for One click
Kali Linux Tools
Kali-Linux Install (Linux for Beginners!)
Kali Linux Full Version Operating System Download
Free Download Backtrack 5 32 bit and 64 bit Full Version Operating System via torrent
Free Download Backtrack 5 32 bit and 64 bit Full Version Operating System via torrent
BackTrack was a Linux distribution that focused on security based on the Ubuntu Linux distribution aimed at digital forensics and penetration testing use. In March 2013, the Offensive Security team rebuilt BackTrack around the Debian distribution and released it under the name Kali Linux.
The BackTrack distribution originated from the merger of two formerly competing distributions which focused on penetration testing:
WHAX: a Slax-based Linux distribution developed by Mati Aharoni, a security consultant. Earlier versions of WHAX were calledWhoppix and were based on Knoppix.
Auditor Security Collection: a Live CD based on Knoppix developed by Max Moser which included over 300 tools organized in a user-friendly hierarchy.
Tools
BackTrack provided users with easy access to a comprehensive and large collection of security-related tools ranging from port scanners to Security Audit. Support for Live CD and Live USB functionality allowed users to boot BackTrack directly from portable media without requiring installation, though permanent installation to hard disk and network was also an option.
BackTrack included many well known security tools including:
Metasploit for integration
Wi-Fi drivers supporting monitor mode (rfmon mode) and packet injection
Aircrack-ng
Gerix Wifi Cracker
Kismet
Nmap
Ophcrack
Ettercap
Wireshark (formerly known as Ethereal)
BeEF (Browser Exploitation Framework)
Hydra
OWASP Mantra Security Framework, a collection of hacking tools, add-ons and scripts based on Firefox
Cisco OCS Mass Scanner, a very reliable and fast scanner for Cisco routers with telnet and enabling of a default password.
A large collection of exploits as well as more commonplace software such as browsers.
Armitage - java frontend to Metasploit.
BackTrack arranged tools into 12 categories:
Information gathering
Vulnerability assessment
Exploitation tools
Privilege escalation
Maintaining access
Reverse engineering
RFID tools
Stress testing
Forensics
Reporting tools
Services
Miscellaneous
BackTrack was a Linux distribution that focused on security based on the Ubuntu Linux distribution aimed at digital forensics and penetration testing use. In March 2013, the Offensive Security team rebuilt BackTrack around the Debian distribution and released it under the name Kali Linux.
The BackTrack distribution originated from the merger of two formerly competing distributions which focused on penetration testing:
WHAX: a Slax-based Linux distribution developed by Mati Aharoni, a security consultant. Earlier versions of WHAX were calledWhoppix and were based on Knoppix.
Auditor Security Collection: a Live CD based on Knoppix developed by Max Moser which included over 300 tools organized in a user-friendly hierarchy.
Tools
BackTrack provided users with easy access to a comprehensive and large collection of security-related tools ranging from port scanners to Security Audit. Support for Live CD and Live USB functionality allowed users to boot BackTrack directly from portable media without requiring installation, though permanent installation to hard disk and network was also an option.
BackTrack included many well known security tools including:
Metasploit for integration
Wi-Fi drivers supporting monitor mode (rfmon mode) and packet injection
Aircrack-ng
Gerix Wifi Cracker
Kismet
Nmap
Ophcrack
Ettercap
Wireshark (formerly known as Ethereal)
BeEF (Browser Exploitation Framework)
Hydra
OWASP Mantra Security Framework, a collection of hacking tools, add-ons and scripts based on Firefox
Cisco OCS Mass Scanner, a very reliable and fast scanner for Cisco routers with telnet and enabling of a default password.
A large collection of exploits as well as more commonplace software such as browsers.
Armitage - java frontend to Metasploit.
BackTrack arranged tools into 12 categories:
Information gathering
Vulnerability assessment
Exploitation tools
Privilege escalation
Maintaining access
Reverse engineering
RFID tools
Stress testing
Forensics
Reporting tools
Services
Miscellaneous
Backtrack 5 32 bit and 64 bit Download via torrent.
BY GK
Why Linux is Secure than windows.
Here I will try to throw some light on some of the security features which I know in Linux and believe that these points add up to the construction of a much more secure wall all around the Linux Operating System.
Five key factors underlie Linux's superior security:
1. Execshield.
SELinux can potentially control which activities a system allows each user, process and daemon, with very precise specifications. However, it is mostly used to confine daemons like database engines or web servers that have more clearly-defined data access and activity rights. This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised. Ordinary user-processes often run in the unconfined domain, not restricted by SELinux but still restricted by the classic Linux access rights.
3. IPtables.
IPtables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies what to do with a packet that matches. This is called a 'target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the same table.
4. PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules).
Linux-PAM separates the tasks of authentication into four independent management groups: accountmanagement; authentication management; password management; and session management.
5. Audit.
audit is the user space component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for writing audit records to the disk. Viewing the logs is done with the ausearch or aureport utilities. Configuring the audit rules is done with the auditctl utility. During startup, the rules in /etc/audit/audit.rules are read by audit ctl.
1. Execshield.
ExecShield is designed to prevent security breaches caused by software programs written to crawl
through the Internet looking for systems with common vulnerabilities such as worms and viruses. It isenabled in the kernel and works in a way that is non intrusive to the user.
Its goal is not to defend against the expert hacker who has broken into your local network or an employee inside the company who already has access to parts of the network instead its goal is to prevent against intruders using scripts that look for vulnerabilities in the way a program running with root privileges is written.
2. SElinux (Security Enhanced Linux).
Its goal is not to defend against the expert hacker who has broken into your local network or an employee inside the company who already has access to parts of the network instead its goal is to prevent against intruders using scripts that look for vulnerabilities in the way a program running with root privileges is written.
2. SElinux (Security Enhanced Linux).
SELinux is an implementation of a flexible mandatory access control architecture in the Linux operating system. The SELinux architecture provides general support for the enforcement of many kinds of mandatory access control policies,including those based on the concepts of Type Enforcement(R), Role- Based Access Control, and Multi-Level Security.
SELinux can potentially control which activities a system allows each user, process and daemon, with very precise specifications. However, it is mostly used to confine daemons like database engines or web servers that have more clearly-defined data access and activity rights. This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised. Ordinary user-processes often run in the unconfined domain, not restricted by SELinux but still restricted by the classic Linux access rights.
3. IPtables.
With the enhanced features available with the IPtables you can implement a greater level of security for your Linux machine.
IPtables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies what to do with a packet that matches. This is called a 'target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the same table.
4. PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules).
Linux-PAM is a system of libraries that handle the authentication tasks of applications (services) on the system. The principal feature of the PAM approach is that the nature of the authentication is dynamically configurable. In other words, the system administrator is free to choose how individual service-providing applications will authenticate users.
Linux-PAM separates the tasks of authentication into four independent management groups: accountmanagement; authentication management; password management; and session management.
- account - provide account verification types of service: has the user's password expired?; is this user permitted access to the requested service?
- authentication - authenticate a user and set up user credentials. Typically this is via some challenge-response request that the user must satisfy: if you are who you claim to be please enter your password.
- password - this group's responsibility is the task of updating authentication mechanisms. Typically, such services are strongly coupled to those of the auth group. Some authentication mechanisms lend themselves well to being updated with such a function. Standard UN*X password-based access is the obvious example: please enter a replacement password.
this group of tasks cover things that should be done prior to a service being given and after it is withdrawn. Such tasks include the maintenance of audit trails and the mounting of the user's home directory. The session management group is important as it provides both an opening and closing hook for modules to affect the services available to a user.
5. Audit.
The 2.6 Linux kernel has the ability to log events such as system calls and file access. These logs can then be reviewed by the administrator to determine possible security breaches such as failed login attempts or a user failing to access system files. This functionality, called the Linux Auditing System.
audit is the user space component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for writing audit records to the disk. Viewing the logs is done with the ausearch or aureport utilities. Configuring the audit rules is done with the auditctl utility. During startup, the rules in /etc/audit/audit.rules are read by audit ctl.
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